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Реферат: Значение "Канон" врачебной науки для развития медицины АвиценаРеферат: Значение "Канон" врачебной науки для развития медицины Авицена6No?aooneee ainoaea?noaaiiue oieaa?neoao iaaeeei-aeieiae/aneee oaeoeueoao (eo?n enoi?ee iaaeeoeeiu) ?aoa?ao ia oaio: Cia/aiea Eaiiia a?a/aaiie iaoee aeey ?acaeoey iaaeeoeeiu. Auiieiee nooaeaio_______________ ______________________________ I?iaa?ee______________________ ______________________________ Iiaeienue__________Aeaoa_________ No?aoo 1997 IEAI: 1. Aeia?aoey Eai Neiu. 2. Iauay oa?aeoa?enoeea yiioe. 3. Cia/aiea ?Eaiiia a?a/aaiie iaoee?. Ia?iiioth ?ieue a ?acaeoee iaaeeoeeiu nua?aea iao/iay e i?aeoe/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue Eai Neiu. Eai Neia i?eiaaeeaaeeo e /eneo aaee/aeoeo o/aiuo N?aaeiae Acee, iaiaaoeaoeo ie?iaoth iaoeo aeinoeaeaieyie ia?ainoaiaiiie aaaeiinoe. O?oaeu Eai Neiu e aai aaeeeiai nia?aiaiieea Aao ?aeoaia Aa?oie ciaiaiiaaee iaeaunooth nooiaiue ?acaeoey iaoee ia n?aaeiaaaeiaii Ainoiea. Ioaoe Eai Neiu, Aaaeaeeao, aue ?iaeii ec Aaeoa. A ia?eiae i?aaeaiey naiaieaeneiai yie?a Iooa eai Iaino?a (976-997) Aaaeaeeao ia?aaoae a Aooa?o, aaea aue iacia/ai ia/aeueieeii nai?a iaeiaia n naeaiey Oo?ieoai, iaaeaeaei io ai?iaea Aooa?u. Caoai ii iaeioi?ia a?aiy aeee a naeaiee Aaoaia, oai aeaieeny ia aeaaooea ii eiaie Neoi?a. A ia/aea ianyoea naoa? 370 a. oeaeae?u (aoi?ay iieiaeia aaaonoa 980 a.) o ieo ?iaeeeny nui Oonaei (oaeiai nianoaaiiia eiy Eai Neiu). Oonaeio auei ieiei 5 eao, eiaaea naiuey ia?aneeeeanue a noiee/iue ai?iae Aooa?o, yaeyaoothny oiaaea iaeiei ec e?oiiaeoeo oeaio?ia Ainoiea. Iaeue/eea ioaeaee a oeieo. N ?aiiaai aeaonoaa Eai Neia iao/aeny ei?aio e aaeaao (nthaea aoiaeeee a?aiiaoeea, noeeenoeea e iiyoeea) e 10 aiaeai aeecie a iaaeo iaeanoyo aeinoea niaa?oainoaa. E?iia oiai, ii eco/ae a?eoiaoeeo e aeaaa?o, a iioii iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii naiaai aeiiaoiaai o/eoaey Aao Aaaeaeeaoa ai-Iaoeee ia/ae eco/aoue eiaeeo, Aaeeeaeiao aaiiao?eth e Aeueiaaano Ioieaiay. Iaeiaei nei?i ai-Iaoeee auioaeaeai aue i?eciaoue, /oi en/a?iae naie o/aaiue iaoa?eae e oaea ia a ninoiyiee oaeiaeaoai?eoue iiciaaaoaeueiue eioa?an iaeue/eea, e Eai Neia naiinoiyoaeueii i?iaeieaeae naia o/aiea. Ii n oaea/aieai caiyeny eco/aieai anoanoaaiiuo iaoe, e i?aaeaea anaai iaaeeoeeiu. Iaeiia?aiaiii caieiaeny a?a/aaiie i?aeoeeie aanieaoii ea/ee aieueiuo. A aic?anoe 17 eao Eai Neia, eae a?a/, iieueciaaeny a Aooa?a oaeie neaaie, /oi aue i?eaeaoai ei aeai?o Iooa eai Iaino?a, eioi?ue aeieaia a?aiy aieae, e ea/eaoea aai i?eaeai?iua a?a/e ie/ai ia iiaee aio iiii/ue. Eai Neia oaeaeinue a ei?ioeee n?ie auea/eoue i?aaeoaey, e a aeaaiaea?iinoue ca yoi iieiaeie o/aiue iieo/ee ?ac?aoaiea iieueciaaoueny aeai?oeiaie aeaeeioaeie, eioi?ay auea iaeiie ec eo/oeo e aiaaoaeoeo aeaeeioae ia anai Aeeaeiai Ainoiea. A ?acoeueoaoa ii ?anoe?ee naie iao/iua iiciaiey aei a?aiaeeiciuo ianooaaia. Iniiaaoaeueii onaiea eiaeeo, anoanoaiciaiea, iaaeeoeeio e ae?. iaoee Eai Neia ia?aoae e iaoaoeceea, n/eoaaoaeny oiaaea iaeiei ec iniiaiuo ?acaeaeia oeeinioee. Caaiaaaiea Aooa?u Ea?aoaieaeaie, iaaeaiea aeeianoee Naiaieaeia (999 a.) e iineaaeiaaaoea ca yoeie niauoeyie oaiaeaeueiua iaaeaeioniaeoeu ia iicaieeee Eai Neia i?iaeieaeeoue naie iao/iua caiyoey a Aooa?a. A 1002 a. oia? aai ioaoe. Ana yoi iiaoaeeei Eai Neio iieeiooue ?iaeiie ai?iae e ioi?aaeoueny a Oi?aci, a O?aai/, aaea iieeoe/aneay ianoaiiaea auea aieaa aeaaii?eyoiie. AEanoieee i?aaeoaeue Aanie noeoai Iaoioae (998-1030), eioi?ue iie?aeny a naiae iieeoeea ia ?aaeoeeiiiia aeooiaainoai e iiaeaaeye anyeia i?iyaeaiea iao/iiai naiaiaeiiuneey, no?aieeny aeea/eoue aiaaoua caiee Oi?acia a ninoaa naiaai ainoaea?noaa. Ia aeaeay iiianoue a iiae/eiaiea yoiio i?aaeoaeth, Eai Neia i?eia?ii 1010 1011 aa. oaeii iieeioe Oi?aci e ioi?aaeeny a Oi?anai. Ii i?eaue a Ao?aai, oaiaeaeueiia eiyaeanoai ia thai-ainoi/iii iiaa?aaeuea Eanieeneiai ii?y. Caeanue Eai Neia iiciaeiieeny n Aao Oaaeaeii Aeaeocaeaeaie, eioi?ue noae aai aa?iui o/aieeii, niioonoaiaaaoei aio aei eiioea aai aeecie. Aeaeocaeaeaie caienae ni neia Eai Neiu aai aaoiaeia?aoeth, aeiaaaeaiioth aei i?eauoey o/aiiai a Ao?aai. Ii inoaaee iai e iienaiea aeieueiaeoeo niauoee aeecie naiaai o/eoaey. Aeaaiaea?y yoiio iu ?aniieiaaai aeinoiaa?iuie naaaeaieyie i aeecie e aeayoaeueiinoe Eai Neiu. A Ao?aaia Eai Neia aiciaiiaee iao/ioth ?aaioo e a?a/aaioth i?aeoeeo. Ii i?enooiee Ia?aie eieae naiaai aeaaiiai o?oaea ii iaaeeoeeia Eaiiia a?a/aaiie iaoee e ae?. ni/eiaiee. A 1014 a. Eai Neia iieeaeaao Ao?aai e iaeioi?ia a?aiy aeeaao a ?aa e Eacaeia. Caoai i?eauaaao a Oaiaaeai e iinooiaao ia neoaeao e aoeaeneiio i?aaeoaeth Oain aae-aeaoea (997-1021) n ia/aea a ea/anoaa i?eaeai?iiai a?a/a, a ca oai e aece?a. Caeanue ii iaienae iiiaea naie i?iecaaaeaiey, ia/ae ?aaioo iaae iiiaioiiiie oeeinioneie yioeeeeiiaaeeae Eeoaa ao-oeoa (Eieaa enoeaeaiey). A 1023 a. Eai Neia ia?aacaeaao a Enoaaai e caaa?oaao oai Eeoaa ao-oeoa, nicaeaao ae?oaea o?oaeu a oii /enea naith e?aoeoth oeeinioneoth yioeeeeiiaaeeth ia ia?neaeneii ycuea Aeaieo-iaia (Eieaa ciaiey). Ii/oe iai?a?uaiua neeoaiey ii ai?iaeai Iaaa?aiiao?a e E?aia, iinoiyiiue iai?yaeaiiue o?oae, aanniiiue ii/e, iaiaeiae?aoiua oth?aiiua caeeth/aiey iaaeeiieee i?aaieci o/aiiai. Ii no?aaeae eieeoii, io eioi?iai ii e oia? a ?aiacaia 428 a. (a ethia 1037 a.) a aic?anoa 57 eao. Eai Neia aue iioi?iiai a Oaiaaeaia, aai iiaeea nio?aieeanue aei iaoeo aeiae. Eae iiaeeeiiue o/aiue yioeeeeiiaaeeno Eai Neia n aieueoei oniaoii ?aaioae ii/oe ai anao iaeanoyo ciaiey. A enoi/ieeao oiiieiaaony nauoa 450 iacaaiee aai ni/eiaiee, a /enei aeioaaeoeo aei ian o?oaeia ieiei 240. Iie ioaaouaatho oaeea iaeanoe iaoee, eae oeeinioey, iaaeeoeeia, eiaeea, ineoieiaey, oeceea (o. a. anoanoaiciaiea), ano?iiiiey, iaoaiaoeea, iocuea, oeiey, yoeea, eeoa?aoo?a, ycueiciaiea e ae?. Iaeiaei Eai Neia i?ineaaeeny aeaaiui ia?acii aeaaiaea?y naiei o?oaeai ii oeeinioee e iaaeeoeeia.Ec /enea aeioaaeoeo aei ian oeeinianeeo o?oaeia o/aiiai oiiiyiai Eieao enoeaeaiey (Eeoaa ao-oeoa) , Eieao nianaiey (Eeoaa ai-iaaeaeao), Oeacaiey e ianoaaeaiey (Ae-eoa?ao aa-o-oaiaeoao) e Eieao ciaiey (Aea-ieo-iaia). Eai Neia eniieueciaae ana oeaiiia, /oi auei au?aaioaii aai i?aaeoanoaaiieeaie a iaeanoe anoanoaiciaiey e oeeinioee e nicaeae oeeinioeth, noaaooth aa?oeiie ?acaeoey oai?aoe/aneie iunee a no?aiao Aeeaeiaai e N?aaeiaai Ainoiea a yiioo ?aiiaai n?aaeiaaaeiauey. Ianiio?y ia i?ioeai?a/eainoue ioaeaeueiuo iieiaeaiee, oeeinioneia o/aiea Eai Neiu a oneiaeyo oaiaeaeecia nua?aei i?ia?anneaioth ?ieue. A iai io/aoeeai aunooiaao iaoa?eaeenoe/aneay oaiaeaioeey, no?aieaiea i?ioeaiiinoaaeoue ?aeeaee iao/iua iiciaiey, iniiaaiiua ia iiuoa e eiae/aneeo aeieacaoaeuenoaao. Ii?aaeaeaiiue eioa?an i?aaenoaaeytho ?aaiou Eai Neiu ii ineoieiaee. A yoii aii?ina ii naeaeae aieueoie oaa e iaoa?eaeecio, eai aia?aua iuoaeny oaycaoue ioaeaeueiua aeaeu ineoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea n ii?aaeaeaiiuie /anoyie aieiaiiai iicaa. Iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneea acaeyaeu aaeeeiai oeeinioa naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i oii, /oi e a yoie iaeanoe ii i?eaea?aeeaaeny i?ia?anneaiuo eaeaaeia. Eai Neia aunooiae ca eaeaaeueiia ainoaea?noai, ianaeaiea eioi?iai aeieaeii ninoiyoue ec i?aaeoaeae, i?iecaiaeeoaeae e aienea, e eaaeaeue aeieaeai caieiaoueny iieaciie ?aaioie. Eai Neia n oniaoii caieiaeny e ae?oaeie iaoeaie. Ii iaeaaeae oe?ieeie aeey naiaai a?aiaie iiciaieyie a iaeanoe oeiee, e aio i?eienuaathony ianeieueei oeie/aneeo ?aaio. Eai Neia ai iiiaii niaeaenoaiaae iineaaeothuaio ?acaeoeth oeiee, aeaaiui ia?acii aeaaiaea?y e?eoeea iniiaiiai i?eioeeia aeoeiee, a eiaiii, aiciiaeiinoe i?aa?auaiey iaaeaai?iaeiuo iaoaeeia a aeaai?iaeiua. A iaeanoe aaieiaee ii auneacae i?eaeiaeueioth, aeeceoth nia?aiaiiie iao/iie oai?ee oi/eo c?aiey ia ai?iia?aciaaiea. Ii aai iiaieth, ai?u ia?aciaaeenue a ?acoeueoaoa 2 oaeoi?ia: 1- iiaeiyoea caiiie ei?u ai a?aiy neeueiuo caieao?ynaiee, 2 aeaenoaea iioiea aiaeu, eioi?ay a iieneao iooe aeaeaao aieueoea oaeoaeaiey a aeieeiao e yoei naiui iaoneiaeeaaao ia?aciaaiea aieueoeo aicauoaiiinoae. Eai Neia iiiai caieiaeny e aii?inaie aioaieee, eai eae a?a/, ii ia iia ia oaeaeyoue aeieaeiiai aieiaiey eco/aieth ?anoaiee, eiathueo oeaeaaiua naienoaa. Ea?e Eeiiae (1707-17078), o/eouaay caneoae Eai Neiu a iaeanoe yoie iaoee, iacaae aa/iicaeaiia o?iie/aneia ?anoaiea aai eiaiai Aaeoeaiiey. Cia/eoaeueiue neaae inoaaee Eai Neia e a iaeanoe iiycee. Iiiaea naie iao/iua o?aeoaou ii iaienae noeoaie a ?acia?a ?aaeaeac. E?iia oiai ei iaienaii ianeieueei i?iecaaaeaiee, eioi?ua ieacaee caiaoiia aeeyiea ia iineaaeothuoth ia?niycu/ioth eeoa?aoo?o. Nouanoaoao naycue iaaeaeo iineaieai Eai Neiu Ao-oae? (Ioeoea) e ecaanoiie iiyiie Oa?eaeaaeaeeia Aooa?a (12 aae) Iaioee ao-oae? (?acaiai? ioeoe). Yoa oaia aaiaeeony a ocaaeneoth eeoa?aoo?o Aeeoa?ii Iaaie (1414-1492). Nouanoaoao aua ianeieueei eeoa e aacaeae ieiei 40 /aoaa?inoeoae Eai Neiu ia ia?neaeneii ycuea. Iniaaiii aaeeee caneoae Eai Neiu a iaeanoe iaaeeoeeiu. Aai ni?aaaaeeeai n/eoatho iaeiei ec aaee/aeoeo o/aiuo iaaeeeia a enoi?ee /aeiaa/anoaa. Ii naaaeaieyi ?acee/iuo enoi/ieeia, iauaa /enei iaaeeoeeineeo o?oaeia Eai Neiu aeioiaeeo aei 50, ii ec ieo nio?aieeinue ieiei 30 a noaiaie 8. Ii niaea?aeaieth eo iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue (ca eneeth/aieai Eaiiia) oneiaii ia o?e a?oiiu: 1) o?oaeu iauaai oa?aeoa?a, a eioi?uo inaauathony oa eee eiua ?acaeaeu iaaeeoeeiu e iaeioi?ua aa oai?aoe/aneea aii?inu; 2) o?oaeu i caaieaaaieyo eaeiai-eeai iaeiiai i?aaia eee ia iaeiie eiie?aoiie aieacie, iai?eia?, i caaieaaaieyo na?aeoea e n?aaenoaao aai ea/aiey, i aieacie oienoie eeoee (eoeaiaeae), i ?anno?ienoaao ooieoeee iieiauo i?aaiia;3) o?oaeu ii eaea?noaiaaaeaieth. Iaeiaei aeaaiui iaaeeoeeineei o?oaeii Eai Neiu, i?eianoei aio iiiaiaaeiaoth neaao ai anai eoeueoo?iii ie?a, yaeyaony Eaiii a?a/aaiie iaoee. Yoi iiaeeeiii iaaeeoeeineay yioeeeeiiaaeey, a eioi?ie n eiae/aneie no?ieiinoueth eceaaaaony ana, /oi ioiineony e i?ioeeaeoeea e ea/aieth aieaciae. A Eaiiia a?a/aaiie iaoee, a oaeaea a ?yaea niaoeeaeueiuo ?aaio ii eaea?noaiaaaeaieth (Eieaa i eaea?noaao i?e na?aea/iuo aieaciyo, I naienoaao oeeei?ey, I naienoaao oenona - eeaea e ae?.). Eai Neia ia oieueei iauaaeeiee ?ac?iciaiiue iiuo i?ioeiai e aeiiieiee aai ?acoeueoaoaie nianoaaiiuo iaaethaeaiee, ii e noi?ie?iaae ?yae i?eioeeieaeueiuo iieiaeaiee ?aoeeiiaeueiie oi?iaoeee. Anee Eai Aaaac (930-994) oeacuaae ia aeaaii?eyoiua oneiaey i?iaa?ee aeaenoaey a aieueieoea, oi Eai Neia i?aaeeaaaao nenoaio eo eniuoaiey, aeeth/athuoth iaaethaeaiea ca eo aeaenoaeai o iinoaee aieueiiai, iinoaiiaeo iiuoia ia aeeaioiuo e aeaaea iaeioi?ia iiaeiaea eeeie/aneiai eniuoaiey. I?e yoii Eai Neia n/eoaao iaeaieaa iaaeaaeiui yenia?eiaioaeueiue iooue i?iaa?ee aeaenoaey eaea?noaaiiuo n?aaenoa e i?aaeeaaaao oneiaey, iaania/eaathuea /enoioo yenia?eiaioa. A Eaiiia a?a/aaiie iaoee niaea?aeaoueny oeacaiey ia iaiaoiaeeiinoue auyaeaiey iiai/iiai aeaenoaey eaea?noa, ia iaee/ea acaeiiiai oneeaiey eo e acaeiiiai ineaaeaiey aeaenoaey eaea?noaaiiuo n?aaenoa i?e eo niaianoiii iacia/aiee. Eai Neia naycuaae ?acaeoea ?aoeeiiaeueiie oa?iaoeee n i?eiaiaieai eaea?noaaiiuo n?aaenoa, iieo/aiiuo oeie/aneei iooai. Yoa eaeay, eioi?oth ?acaeaeyee iaeioi?ua a?aaneea e n?aaeiaaceaoneea o/aiua e a?a/e (Aeaeaae? eai Oaeyi ; ?ace, Ae?oie e ae?.),auea a aeaeueiaeoai ?acaeoa aeoeieeaie n?aaeiaaaeiaie Aa?iiu, a oaeaea a?a/aie yiioe Aic?iaeaeaiey e Iiaiai a?aiaie. Eai Neia iienae iiiai iiauo eaea?noaaiiuo n?aaenoa ?anoeoaeueiiai, aeeaioiiai e ieia?aeueiiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey.A /anoiinoe, n aai eiaiai naycuaatho ia?aia i?eiaiaiea ?oooe, eioi?ay a 10 a. aeiauaaeanue a ie?anoiinoyo Aooa?u, aeey ea/aiey neoeeena. Ei aea eae iiai/iia aeaenoaea ?oooe iienaiu i?iyaeaiey ?oooiiai noiiaoeoa. Ec ia?a/iy eaea?noaaiiuo n?aaenoa, i?eeiaeaiiiai e Eieaa aoi?ie Eaiiia a?a/aaiie iaoee, ieiei 150 cia/eeenue a ia?auo ainueie ecaeaieyo ?onneie oa?iaeiiae. ssaeyynue ii?iaeaeaieai ae?aaiae auniei?acaeoie eoeueoo?u, n?aaeiaaceaoneay iaaeeoeeia a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie ii?aaeaeeea o?iaaiue e naiaia?acea iaaeeoeeiu a?aaneiai Ainoiea. Iaiauathuea yioeeeeiiaaee/aneea o?oaeu n?aaeiaaceaoneeo a?a/ae ai iiiaii niinianoaiaaee nio?aiaieth e ?acaeoeth aeinoeaeaiee iaaeeoeeiu ae?aaiinoe (aioe/iie, yeeeienoe/aneie, eiaeeeneie, e?aineie, n?aaeiaaceaoneie), iniuneaieth e neioaco eo aiaaoiai i?aeoe/aneiai iiuoa e oai?aoe/aneeo eiioeaioeee. Iiaeiaii iaiauathuei o?oaeai a?aaneeo a?a/ae, iaeioi?ua n?aaeiaaceaoneea iaae. Yioeeeeiiaaee/aneea o?oaeu auee ia?aaaaeaiu ia aa?iiaeneea ycuee e nua?aee aaaeioth ?ieue a ?acaeoee iaaeeoeeiu a Aa?iia. Yoi i?aaeaea anaai ioiineony e Eaiiio a?a/aaiie iaoee Eai Neiu, ianiiiaiii, yaeyaoaiony naiie iiioey?iie ec iaae. eiea, nicaeaiiuo ia Ainoiea. Ia i?ioyaeaiee ianeieueeeo aaeia Eaiii neoaeee iniiaiui o/aaiui iiniaeai a aa?iiaeneeo oieaa?neoaoao, ieacaa ia?iiiia aeeyiea ia o?iaaiue niaoeeaeueiuo ciaiee a?a/ae n?aaeiaaaeiaie Aa?iiu. Ia?aaeiaua n?aaeiaaceaoneea o/aiua oeeiniou, a?a/e, anoanoaieniuoaoaee yaeeenue i?iaicaanoieeaie ?yaea iiauo eaeae, iieo/eaoeo i?eciaiea e ?acaeoea eeoue ianeieueei aaeia nionoy. E iei ioiinyony iiiuoee aiaae?aiey yenia?eiaioaeueiiai iaoiaea a iaoieiaeth e eaea?noaiaaaeaiea, ooaa?aeaeaiea anoanoaaiii-iao/iie nouiinoe iaaeeoeeiu eae iaeanoe iao/iie e i?aeoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, eaeae nayce iaaeeoeeiu n oeieae, acaeiinayce i?aaiecia n ie?oaeathuae n?aaeie e ?iee yoie n?aaeu a iaoieiaee, ia?ac?uaiie nayce ineoe/aneiai e oaeaniiai, i?aaeiieiaeaiea Eai Neiu i iaaeaeeiuo nouanoaao, iiaoueo aucuaaoue eeoi?aaei/iua caaieaaaiey e ?ani?ino?aiyoueny /a?ac aicaeoo, aiaeo e ii/ao, e ae?. Ia?aaeiaua a?a/e e o/aiua N?aaeiae Acee aeoeaii aunooiaee i?ioea oea?eaoeo a nia?aiaiiie ei iaaeeoeeia noaaa?ee, ioaa?aaee ano?aeueiua i?aaenoaaeaiey, iaae/aneoth oeeo?ieiaeth, oeaeaaiua naienoaa ae?aaioeaiiuo eaiiae, caaiai?ia, aioeaoia, i?ioeaiiinoaaeyy ?aoeeiiaeueiua n?aaenoaa aeeaaiinoeee, oa?aiee e aeaeaiu. Iaeiaei ana eo oneeey inoaeenue ii i?aeiouanoao aeanii aiiethuaai a ionouia. Aieueoeinoai i?aaenoaaeoaeae iaae. i?ioannee ioioii i?eiaiyee, a eiiaaea e i?aaeii/eoaee iaae/aneea e ienoe/aneea i?eaiu iaoiaeai ?aoeeiiaeueiie aeeaaiinoeee e oa?aiee, ii aieueoae /anoe i?aaeinoaaeyy noaeueao naieo iaoeeaioia aiea aeeaoa. *oi aea eanaaony iiauo eaeae, oi iie iaoee iaei i?eaa?aeaioeaa. ?acoiaaony, e oa ec n?aaeiaaceaoneeo a?a/ae e o/aiuo, eoi ninoaaee ai?aeinoue iaaeeoeeiu N?aaeiae Acee- Ae?oie,Ianeoe,Eai Neia, ae-Aeaeo?aeaeaie (ie. 1080-1141), Oao?aaeaeei ?ace, Oia? *aaieie e ae?.- ia niiaee iieiinoueth i?aiaeieaoue neiauaaaoaai aeeyiey oaiaeaeueiiai ie?iaicc?aiey. O?oaeu ae?aaieo, ca eneeth/aieai iaeioi?uo /anoiinoae,iie ii/eoaee aunoei aaoi?eoaoii. Ie iaeei ec ieo ia oniiieeny a ni?aaaaeeeainoe iaoo?oeeinioneiai o/aiey i /aou?ao nieao. Ana i?eaea?aeeaaeenue aiaoiii-oeceieiae/aneeo i?aaenoaaeaiee Aaeaia. Ie iaeei ec ieo ia caieiaeny aiaoiieae, aac ?acaeoey eioi?ie auei iaiuneeii iino?iaiea ?aoeeiiaeueiie oeceieiaee e iaoieiaee. I?e/eiu, ia iicaieyaoea a?a/ai ionoeueiaineiai Ainoiea eco/aoue aiaoiieth /aeiaaea, oi?ioi ecaanoiu, a aoii?ieenoe/aneea eiioeaioeee, niaea?aeauea yeaiaiou aeeaeaeoeee e iaoa?eaeenoe/aneia, oioy e yeeaeoe/aneia, iauyniaiea aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe e iaoaieciia ?acaeoey iaoieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia, iaecia?eii i?ia?anneaiaa iaaeeoeeiu i?i?iea. Yiioa ia iicaieeea ei ia?aoaaiooue /a?ac naay. E,anee aeey enoi?ee iaaeeoeeiu iaeaieaa auaeathueieny aeinoeaeaieyie e?oiiaeoeo a?a/ae N?aaeiae Acee yaeythony i?aaeaea anaai eo iaioeaiaiiua iiaua eaeae, cia/eoaeueii iia?aaeaaoea naia a?aiy, oi aeey nia?aiaiieeia e aeeaeaeoeo iioiieia iaeaieaa nouanoaaiiuie e cia/eiuie auee eo aeinoeaeaiey a iaeanoe i?aeoe/aneie iaaeeoeeiu- aeeaaiinoeee, eeeieee, ea/aiey, aeaeaiu. Oai?/anai Eai Neiu caieiaao iniaia ianoi a enoi?ee eoeueoo?u. E?oiiaeoee a?a/ e iuneeoaeue naiaai a?aiaie, ii aue i?eciai oaea nia?aiaiieeaie, e i?enaiaiiue aio aua i?e aeecie ii/aoiue oeooe oaeo-a?-?aen (ianoaaiee o/aiuo) nii?iaiaeaeae aai eiy a oa/aiea iiiaeo aaeia. Oeeinioneea e anoanoaaiii-iao/iua ni/eiaiey Eai Neiu iieueciaaeenue oe?ieie ecaanoiinoueth a no?aiao Ainoiea e Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu,ia niio?y ia oi, /oi iniiaiia aai oeeinioneia i?iecaaaeaiea Eieaa enoeaeaiey auei iauyaeaii a?aoe/aneei e niaeaeaii a Aaaaeaaea a 1160 a. Iaannia?oeaoee aai eiy Eaiii a?a/aaiie iaoee iiiaie?aoii ia?aaiaeeeny ia iiiaea aa?iiaeneea ycuee, ieiei 30 ?ac ecaeaaaeny ia eaoeineii ycuea e aieaa500 eao neoaeee iaycaoaeueiui ?oeiaiaenoaii ii iaaeeoeeia aeey aa?iiaeneeo oieaa?neoaoia e iaae. oeie a?aaneiai Ainoiea. Ec 274 o?oaeia Eai Neiu iaaeeoeeia iinayuaii oieueei 20. Oai ia iaiaa i?eiyoi n/eoaoue, /oi ec anao iaeanoae ciaiee, eioi?uie caieiaeny Eai Neia, iaeaieueoee aeeaae ei aianai a iaaeeoeeio. I?aaeaea anaai Eaiii a?a/aaiie iaoee i?eian aio anaie?ioth neaao e aannia?oea. Eaaeaeay eieaa, a naith i/a?aaeue, aeaeeony ia /anoe (oai), ioaeaeu (aeaeoiea), noaouee (iaeaea) e ia?aa?aou (oane). A Eieaa ia?aie eceaaathony oai?aoe/aneea iniiau iaaeeoeeiu e iauea iieiaeaiey i?aeoe/aneie iaaeeoeeiu. A iae aeaaony ii?aaeaeaiea iiiyoey iaaeeoeeiu, ?ane?uaathony caaea/e yoie iaoee, i?eaiaeyony o/aiea i nieao e iaoo?a (oaiia?aiaioa), naeaoue aiaoiie/aneee i/a?e oae iacuaaaiuo i?inouo i?aaiia /aeiaa/aneiai oaea - einoae, o?yuae, ia?aia, a?oa?ee, aai, nooiaeeeee, naycie e iuooe. ?anniao?eaathony i?e/eiu, i?iyaeaiey e eeanneoeeaoeee aieaciae e iauea i?aaeea eo ea/aiey. Iiae?iaii eceaaathony o/aiey i ieoaiee, ia?aca aeecie (iauay aeeyoaoeea) e nio?aiaiee caei?iauey ai ana ia?eiaeu aeecie (iauay e /anoiay aeaeaia). Eieaa aoi?ay yoi eaieoaeueiue naiae naaaeaiee i eaea?noaaiiuo n?aaenoaao, i?eiaiyaoeony a iaaeeoeeineie i?aeoeea oiai a?aiaie. A iae aeaii nauoa 800 eaea?noaaiiuo aauanoa ?anoeoaeueiiai, aeeaioiiai e ieia?aeueiiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey n oeacaieai eo ea/aaiuo naienoa e niiniaia i?eiaiaiey. Iiieii eaea?noaaiiuo n?aaenoa, i?iecaiaeeaoeony a N?aaeiae Acee e a ae?oaeo no?aiao Aeeaeiaai e N?aaeiaai Ainoiea, aaoi? oeacuaaao iaiaei eaea?noa, i?eaiceiuo ec Eiaeee, Eeoay, A?aoeee, Ao?eee, ino?iaia N?aaeecaiiiai ii?y e ae?. ?aeiiia caiiiai oa?a. Iiiaea ec ieo noaee ecaanoiu i?yii eee einaaiii n?aaeiaaaeiaie Aa?iia ii ni/eiaieyi Eai Neiu, /oi naii ii naaa oa?aeoa?ecoao cia/aiea Eaiiia a enoi?ee eaea?noaiaaaeaiey. Yoa eieaa aeaao aiciiaeiinoue iciaeiieoueny ia oieueei n iao/iie, ii e n auoiaie, ia?iaeiie iaaeeoeeiie a?aiaie Eai Neiu. Iiiaea eaea?noaa, i?aaeeiaeaiiua Eai Neiie, i?i/ii aioee a oa?iaeiiath e i?eiaiythony ii naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue. A Eieaa o?aoueae o?aeoothony /anoiua eee ianoiua aieacie i?aaiia /aeiaaea, ia/eiay n aieiau e eii/ay iyoeaie, eiuie neiaaie iia iinayuaia /anoiie iaoieiaee e oa?aiee. A iaa aoiaeyo iienaiey aieaciae aieiau e iicaa (a oii /enea ia?aiuo e ineoe/aneeo aieaciae), aeaca, ooi, iina, iieinoe ?oa, ycuea, coaia, aeanai, aoa, ai?ea, eaaeeo, na?aeoea, a?oaee, ieuaaiaea, aeaeoaeea, ia/aie, aeae/iiai iocu?y, naeacaiee, eeoa/ieea, caaeiaai i?ioiaea, ii/ae, ii/aaiai iocu?y, iieiauo i?aaiia. Eaaeaeue ?acaeae ia/eiaaony n iiae?iaiiai aiaoiie/aneiai iienaiey niioaaonoaothuaai i?aaia. A Eieaa /aoaa?oie ?anniao?eaathony iauea aieacie oaea, ia i?enouea eeoue iaeiiio i?aaio. E /eneo oaeiauo ioianaiu ?acee/iua eeoi?aaeee (e?ecenu i?e aieaciyo), iiooiee (a oii /enea ?ae), i?uue, ?aiu, ycau, iaeiae, ia?aeiiu e auaeoe einoae, ?aiaiey e i?i/ea ii?aaeaiey ia?aia, iia?aaeaeaiey /a?aia, a?oaee, iicaiii/ieea, eiia/iinoae. A yoie Eieaa aiai?eony oaeaea i o?iie/aneeo e ino?uo ca?aciuo aieaciyo: inia, ei?e, i?ieaca, /oia e aaoainoaa; inaauaiu iniiaiua aii?inu o/aiey i yaeao (oieneeieiaey). Niaoeeaeueiue ?acaeae eieae iinayuai aii?inai nio?aiaiey e?aniou oaea (einiaoeea). Eieaa iyoay Eaiiia i?aaenoaaeyao niaie oa?iaeiiath. A iae eceaaathony niiniau ecaioiaeaiey e i?eiaiaiey ?acee/iuo oi?i eaea?noa neiaeiiai ninoaaa. A ia?aie /anoe Eieae iienuaathony ?acee/iua i?ioeaiyaeey (oa?ueyee), eaea?noaaiiua eaoee, ieethee, oaaeaoee, ii?ioee, ne?iiu, ioaa?u, ianoie, aeia, ieanou?e e o. ae., a ai aoi?ie /anoe oeacuaathony eniuoaiiua n?aaenoaa, i?aaeiacia/aiiua aeey ea/aiey eiie?aoiuo caaieaaaiee i?aaiia aieiau, aeac, ooa, coaia, ai?ea, i?aaiia a?oaeiie e a?thoiie iieinoe, nonoaaia e eiaee. Oece/aneea oi?aaeiaiey ii iacuaae naiui aeaaiui oneiaeai nio?aiaiey caei?iauey, ia neaaeothuaa ianoi ii noaaee ?aaeei ieoaiey e ?aaeei nia. Iniaua aeaau Eaiiia a?a/aaiie iaoee Eai Neia iinayoee ainieoaieth e ooiaeo ca ?aaaieii. A ieo niaea?aeeony iiiai oiieeo iaaethaeaiee e ?acoiiuo niaaoia. Ae?oaie neeueiie noi?iiie Eaiiia a?a/aaiie iaoee ssaeyaony oi/iia iienaiea eeeie/aneie ea?oeiu aieaciae, oiieinoe aeeaaiinoeee. Ia?aua iienaiey ?yaea eeeie/aneeo yaeaiee, eo iauyniaiey aiai?yo i iaiau/aeiie iaaethaeaoaeueiinoe Eai Neiu, aai oaeaioa e iiuoa. A aeeaaiinoeea Eai Neia iieueciaaeny iuoiuaaieai iaaethaeaieai iaae ioeuenii, ii?aaeaeaieai aeaaeiinoe eee nooinoe eiaee, iniio?ii ii/e e eni?aaeiaiee. Eai Neia iiiai caieiaeny i?iaeaiaie ineoieiaee, e ineoe/aneea ?anno?ienoaa eioa?aniaaee aai ia oieueei n /enoi a?a/aaiuo iiceoeee, ii e eae iauaeo ineoieiae/aneiai enneaaeiaaiey. Ii-aeaeeiiio, a yoii e?iaony i?e/eia oiai, /oi i?e iienaiee ineoe/aneeo ?anno?ienoa ii iiae?iaii eceaaaao naie acaeyaeu ia i?e?iaeo ineoe/aneeo i?ioeannia e i?e/eiu eo ia?ooaiey. A i?aaenoaaeaiee i nouiinoe ineoe/aneeo i?ioeannia iniaaiii iaaeyaeii i?iyaeythony iaoa?eaeenoe/aneea noi?iiu oeeinioee Eai Neiu: ie o eiai ?aiueoa ia ano?a/aaony noieue /aoeiai i?aaenoaaeaiey i nayce ioaeaeueiuo ineoe/aneeo i?ioeannia n ooieoeeae ii?aaeaeaiiuo o/anoeia aieiaiiai iicaa. Aeinoaoi/ii aniiiieoue, iai?eia?, oeacaiey Eai Neiu i oii, /oi ooeau, ?ac?ooathuea ioaeaeueiua /anoe iicaa ?anno?aeaatho /oanoaeoaeueiinoue e aucuaatho auiaaeaiea iaeioi?uo ooieoeee. Iieiinoueth ioaa?aay aeaiiiieiae/aneea acaeyaeu ia nouiinoue ineoe/aneeo aieaciae, Eai Neia n/eoae iaiin?aaenoaaiiie i?e/eiie ineoe/aneeo ?anno?ienoa eeai aeeyiea oneiaee ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu, eeai oaeaniua ?anno?ienoaa. I?e yoii auyniaiea acaeiinaycae e acaeiiaeeyiey ineoe/aneiai e niiaoe/aneiai, ii-aeaeeiiio, i?aaenoaaeyea aeey Eai Neiu iniaue eioa?an: a Eaiiia niaea?aeaony oeacaiey ia aiciiaeiinoue aicieeiiaaiey ineoica i?e ino?uo eeoi?aaei/iuo caaieaaaieyo, ia naycue ?anno?ienoa aeaeoaei/ii-eeoa/iiai o?aeoa n ineoe/aneeie ia?aaeeaaieyie (neeueiui ai?ai, aiaaii, iai?/aieai e o. i.). *a?ac noieaoea iinea nia?oe aaoi?a Eaiii noaiiaeony ecaanoai e ia Caiaaea. Oaea a 12 a. ii aue ia?aaaaeai n a?aaneiai ia eaoeineee ycue Aa?a?aeii E?aiiineei (1114-1187) ,a 13 a. ia ae?aaiaaa?aeneee e ?acioaeny ai iiiaeanoaa ?oeiienae. Iinea ecia?aoaiey eieaiia/aoaiey a 15 a. a /enea ia?auo ecaeaiee aue e Eaiii. I?eia/aoaeueii, /oi aai ia?aia ecaeaiea iiyaeeinue a 1473 a. a No?anao?aa iaeiii ec oeaio?ia aoiaiecia yiioe Aic?iaeaeaiey. Iioii ii /anoioa ecaeaiee ii niia?ie/ae n Aeaeeae oieueei ca iineaaeiea 27 eao 15 a. Eaiii auaea?aeae 16 ecaeaiee, a anaai ii ecaeaaaeny ieiei 40 ?ac iieiinoueth e aan/eneaiiia iiiaeanoai ?ac a auaea?aeeao. A oa/aiea iyoe noieaoee Eaiii neoaeee ianoieueiie eieaie aeey a?a/ae iiiaeo no?ai Acee eAa?iiu. Ai anao noa?aeoeo oioaa?neoaoao Aa?iiu aei na?aaeeiu 12 a. eco/aiea e i?aiiaeaaaiea iaaeeoeeiu iniiauaaeinue ia o?oaea Eai Neiu. Ioaeaeueiua /anoe Eaiiia ia?aaiaeeeenue ia aa?iiaeneea ycuee, ii iieiiai ia?aaiaea ia auei. Eieeaeoea Einoeoooa ainoieiaaaeaiey AI Oc NN?, ioeeeeioaoenue ia i?ecua Anaie?iiai Niaaoa Ie?a (1952 a.) ioiaoeoue ai anai ie?a 1000 eaoea ni aeiy ?iaeaeaiey (ii eoiiiio eaeaiaea?th) Eai Neiu, i?enooiee e ia?aaiaeai n a?aaneiai ycuea ia ?onneee e ocaaeneee ycuee aeaaiiai iaaeeoeeineiai ni/eiaiey aaeeeiai o/aiiai. Yoa a?aiaeeiciay ?aaioa auea oniaoii caaa?oaia a 1961 aiaeo ioaeeeaoeeae iieiiai oaenoa Eaiiia ia iaieo ycueao. Nienie eeoa?aoo?u: 1. Eaiii a?a/aaiie iaoee. Aao Aee Eai Neia. *anoue 1, Oaoeaio. Ecaeaoaeuenoai Oai aeaaeaiee iaoe ?anioaeeee Ocaaeenoai, 1994. No?. 5-12. 2. Iaeay iaaeeoeeineay yioeeeeiiaaeey. ?aaeaeoi? A. O. Aaneeaiei. O. 5. Ecaeaoaeuenoai Niaaoneay yioeeeeiiaaeey. Iineaa, 1967. No?. 652. 3. Iaeay iaaeeoeeoeeineay yioeeeeiiaaeey. Aeaaiue ?aaeaeoi? aeaaeaiee ?AII A. E. Iie?ianeee, o 3, Iineaa. Iao/iia ecaeaoaeuenoai Aieueoay ?inneeneay yioeeeeiiaaeey, 1992. No?. 293-294. 4. I. I. Ioeueoaiianeee. Enoi?ey iaaeeoeeiu. Ecaeaoaeuenoai Iaaeeoeeia. Iineaa. 1967. 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